Factionalism

Partisanship is natural for humans. We seek out and align ourselves with others who share our views. Through them, we hone our ideas and gain courage from the knowledge that we are not alone in our beliefs. Partisanship gives breadth, depth and volume to our voice. In and of itself, partisanship is not only inevitable, it is healthy.

On the other hand, partisans have a penchant for denigrating those who think differently, often without considering the salient parts of opposing points of view. They seek the power to impose their views on those who don't share them, while overlooking their own shortcomings. Communism and National Socialism showed these tendencies. Both had features that attracted broad public support throughout a national expanse and both degenerated into destructive forces because their partisans gained control of their governments.

The danger in Communism and National Socialism was not that they attracted partisan support; it was that the partisans gained control of government. In general, partisanship is healthy when it helps us give voice to our views. It is destructive when it achieves power. All ideologies, whether of the right or the left, differ from Communism and National Socialism only in the extent to which their partisans are able to impose their biases on the public.

Our first President was keenly aware of the dangers factionalism posed for our new nation. In his 1796 Farewell Address, George Washington said (in part):

"I have already intimated to you the danger of parties in the State, with particular reference to the founding of them on geographical discriminations. Let me now take a more comprehensive view, and warn you in the most solemn manner against the baneful effects of the spirit of party generally.

This spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our nature, having its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists under different shapes in all governments, more or less stifled, controlled, or repressed; but in those of the popular form it is seen in its greatest rankness and is truly their worst enemy....

It serves always to distract the public councils and enfeeble the public administration. It agitates the community with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms; kindles the animosity of one part against another; foments occasionally riot and insurrection. It opens the door to foreign influence and corruption, which finds a facilitated access to the government itself through the channels of party passion. Thus the policy and the will of one country are subjected to the policy and will of another.

There is an opinion that parties in free countries are useful checks upon the administration of the government, and serve to keep alive the spirit of liberty. This within certain limits is probably true; and in governments of a monarchical cast patriotism may look with indulgence, if not with favor, upon the spirit of party. But in those of the popular character, in governments purely elective, it is a spirit not to be encouraged. From their natural tendency it is certain there will always be enough of that spirit for every salutary purpose; and there being constant danger of excess, the effort ought to be by force of public opinion to mitigate and assuage it. A fire not to be quenched, it demands a uniform vigilance to prevent its bursting into a flame, lest, instead of warming, it should consume."

Partisanship is a vital part of society ... provided it is always a voice and never a power. The danger is not in partisanship, it is in allowing partisans to control government.

Our political infrastructure is controlled by the very factionalism Washington decried. If we are to, as Dr. Junn said, "... strive to improve our democratic system of institutions and structures." must we not examine the effect of the partisanship which controls our nation's politics?

Fred

Selecting Leaders, Partisanship

Kristofer Munsterhjelm, in extended discussion on the Electorama site and in private emails, explained why good government must include proportional representation for the many diverse interests of the people. Careful consideration of Kristofer's description showed that society would benefit if special interests are able to participate as a group, provided the rest of society is equally well represented. Practical Democracy ensures that those who are not members of organized groups will also be represented by including the entire electorate in the electoral process.

Groups of people who share a common interest are incomparably different from entities organized for the purpose of achieving political power. The following describes how Practical Democracy integrates proportional representation for partisans of diverse interests without letting the interest groups control the process. It is hereby incorporated in the Selecting Leaders section, above.

Selecting Leaders, Partisanship

At any time up to one week before an election, voters may declare themselves to be members of any party or may create a new party, simply by declaring membership in it. Voters that do not declare party membership will automatically be assigned to a set of voters with no party affiliation. The Election Commission will create triads from members of the same party, as long as more than two members of a party advance. When less than three members of a party advance, the party's remaining candidates are merged with the unaligned candidates. This allows elevation of the advocates for partisan interests to the highest level supported by the party's membership.

This change reduces the risk of suitable candidates being shut out at the lowest level and encourages thorough examination of the tenets of partisan views. It makes Practical Democracy responsive to the interests of the people. The public is encouraged ... and empowered ... to support the ideas that are important to them. Special interests maintain their identity through multiple levels, depending on the size of the party, and the champions for partisans advance to levels where they can promote their cause. Each party achieves influence in government commensurate with the public support its cause inspires.

This modification corrects the abuses of the present system of party politics because, under Practical Democracy, voters with no party affiliation have a voice. Special interests will be represented in our government, but, more importantly, the people will be represented, too.

Fred Gohlke